The text suggests devolution was actually an "old idea" that acquired "new vitality" because
a. courts no longer stood in the way of state policies.
b....
When the election of 1994 brought Republican majorities in the House and the Senate, the first key issue in the drive to shift important functions back to the states was
When the election of 1994 brought Republican majorities in the House and the Senate, the first key issue in the drive to shift important functions back...
The conditions attached to grants are by far the most important federal restriction on state action because
The conditions attached to grants are by far the most important federal restriction on state action because
a. the Tenth Amendment amplifies their...
The text suggests the growth of mandates has been fueled by the fact that
The text suggests the growth of mandates has been fueled by the fact that
a. local citizens can use a federal court to change local practices.
b....
Which of the following statements is correct?
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. It is difficult to obtain a waiver from an administrative agency with regard to education.
b....
A 2006 study found that the highest number of unfunded mandates could be found in the area of ________ policy.
A 2006 study found that the highest number of unfunded mandates could be found in the area of ________ policy.
a. environmental
b. education
c. health
d....
Most federal mandates concern
Most federal mandates concern
a. sexual harassment.
b. civil liberties and civil rights.
c. civil rights and environmental protection.
d. waste...
With the advent of grants based on distributional formulas, the ________ has taken on monumental importance.
With the advent of grants based on distributional formulas, the ________ has taken on monumental importance.
a. balance of trade
b. electoral college
c....
The intense debate over the manner in which the federal government distributes funds and awards contracts has been precipitated by
The intense debate over the manner in which the federal government distributes funds and awards contracts has been precipitated by
a. the reemergence...
Which of the following is (are) not among the coalition that prefers categorical grants to block grants and revenue sharing?
Which of the following is (are) not among the coalition that prefers categorical grants to block grants and revenue sharing?
a. Congress
b. The federal...
Which of the following has (have) grown fastest in recent years?
Which of the following has (have) grown fastest in recent years?
a. Categorical grants
b. Block grants
c. Revenue sharing
d. All have grown at about...
Block grants and revenue sharing were efforts to
Block grants and revenue sharing were efforts to
a. ensure that state spending was sensitive to federal policies and goals.
b. reverse trends by allowing...
The Law Enforcement Assistance Act is an example of a
The Law Enforcement Assistance Act is an example of a
a. categorical grant.
b. share-pay loan.
c. land grant.
d. nullification.
e. block grant.
Answer:...
The requirement that a state or locality match federal money is most common with
The requirement that a state or locality match federal money is most common with
a. categorical grants.
b. land grants.
c. share-pay loans.
d. block...
As of 2006, the largest percentage of federal grant money goes toward
As of 2006, the largest percentage of federal grant money goes toward
a. Education.
b. Medicaid.
c. Income Security.
d. transportation and highways.
e....
In 1960, over 40 percent of all federal grants to state and local government went to
In 1960, over 40 percent of all federal grants to state and local government went to
a. Education.
b. Medicaid.
c. Income Security.
d. transportation...
During the 1960s, federal grant programs were increasingly devised on the basis of _________ needs.
During the 1960s, federal grant programs were increasingly devised on the basis of _________ needs.
a. local
b. state
c. national
d. regional
e....
One odd effect of the fair-share formulas used to determine grants for Homeland Security is
One odd effect of the fair-share formulas used to determine grants for Homeland Security is
a. lack of support for major metropolitan areas.
b....
At first, federal money seemed attractive to state officials because
At first, federal money seemed attractive to state officials because
a. there were budget surpluses.
b. the federal income tax was a flexible tool...
The Constitution guarantees the existence of
The Constitution guarantees the existence of
a. cities.
b. counties.
c. municipal governments.
d. townships.
e. the states.
Answer:...
Which procedure allows voters to remove an elected official from office?
Which procedure allows voters to remove an elected official from office?
a. Referendum
b. Initiative
c. Recall
d. Roll back
e. Addendum
Answer:...
Which procedure allows voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature?
Which procedure allows voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature?
a. Referendum
b. Initiative
c. Recall
d. Roll back
e. Addendum
Answer:...
Which of the following statements regarding state constitutions is incorrect?
Which of the following statements regarding state constitutions is incorrect?
a. They tend to be far more detailed than the federal Constitution.
b....
In the 2000 case United States v. Morrison, the Supreme Court refused to connect or extend the scope of the commerce clause to
In the 2000 case United States v. Morrison, the Supreme Court refused to connect or extend the scope of the commerce clause to
a. school restrictions...
According to the text, federal anti-trust laws do not affect
According to the text, federal anti-trust laws do not affect
a. artists.
b. morticians.
c. professional baseball players.
d. lawyers.
e. window washers.
Answer:...
The text suggests that, by the 1940s, Supreme Court rulings concerning the commerce clause
The text suggests that, by the 1940s, Supreme Court rulings concerning the commerce clause
a. centered on a rigorous definition of interstate commerce.
b....
After the Civil War the debate about the meaning of federalism focused on the ________ clause of the Constitution.
After the Civil War the debate about the meaning of federalism focused on the ________ clause of the Constitution.
a. defense
b. tax
c. currency
d....
Although the doctrine of nullification is commonly associated with John C. Calhoun, the notion is plainly evident in
Although the doctrine of nullification is commonly associated with John C. Calhoun, the notion is plainly evident in
a. the Declaration of Independence.
b....
The landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland determined that
The landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland determined that
a. a state had the power to tax the federal government.
b. the federal government had the...
The national supremacy view of the newly formed federal government was powerfully defended by Chief Justice
The national supremacy view of the newly formed federal government was powerfully defended by Chief Justice
a. John Marshall.
b. James McCulloch.
c....
Alexander Hamilton's view of federalism held that
Alexander Hamilton's view of federalism held that
a. the federal government and the state governments are equals.
b. state governments were superior...
All of the following statements are correct except
All of the following statements are correct except
a. the Constitution does not spell out the powers that the states are to have.
b. the delegates...
According to the text, the most "obvious" effect of federalism has been to
According to the text, the most "obvious" effect of federalism has been to
a. modify ideological conflicts.
b. protect the interests of the upper...
William H. Riker, an American political scientist argued that the "main effect" of federalism since the Civil War has been to
William H. Riker, an American political scientist argued that the "main effect" of federalism since the Civil War has been to
a. increase ideological...
The text identifies all of the following has having federal systems except
The text identifies all of the following has having federal systems except
a. Canada.
b. Australia.
c. India.
d. Germany.
e. Great Britain.
Answer:...
A system is not federal unless local units of government
A system is not federal unless local units of government
a. are the official distributors of the national government's resources.
b. exist independently...
Today's effort to scale back the size and activities of the national government and shift responsibilities back to the states has become known as
Today's effort to scale back the size and activities of the national government and shift responsibilities back to the states has become known as
a....
The response of many state legislatures to the Court's decision in the Kelo case was to
The response of many state legislatures to the Court's decision in the Kelo case was to
a. legalize some drugs for medicinal purposes.
b. remove judges...
The Supreme Court's controversial 2005 decision Kelo v. City of New London involved
The Supreme Court's controversial 2005 decision Kelo v. City of New London involved
a. government seizure of private property.
b. taxation without...
No women voted in state elections in the United States until
No women voted in state elections in the United States until
a. 1838, in Kentucky school board elections.
b. 1869, in territorial elections in Wyoming.
c....
Women are specifically mentioned in the original Constitution
Women are specifically mentioned in the original Constitution
a. in the "privileges and immunities" clause [Art. IV].
b. under qualifications for...
Those who favor reforming the Constitution by lessening the separation of powers between the branches often draw their inspiration from the model of
Those who favor reforming the Constitution by lessening the separation of powers between the branches often draw their inspiration from the model of
a....
Sophisticated statistical analysis of the voting behavior of the Framers of the Constitution suggests
Sophisticated statistical analysis of the voting behavior of the Framers of the Constitution suggests
a. they generally pursued the interests of...
In the Constitution, slavery was
In the Constitution, slavery was
a. not specifically mentioned.
b. recognized as a necessary institution.
c. outlawed after twenty years.
d. denounced...
Which of the following liberties was included in the Constitution before the Bill of Rights was added?
Which of the following liberties was included in the Constitution before the Bill of Rights was added?
a. Habeas corpus.
b. Freedom of speech.
c....
The Federalist papers were written
The Federalist papers were written
a. at the suggestion of Benjamin Franklin.
b. to explain democracy to European governments.
c. to help win ratification...
The Antifederalists are best described as
The Antifederalists are best described as
a. nationalists.
b. radicals.
c. neo-institutionalists.
d. Framers.
e. states' righters.
Answer:...
The power to collect taxes would be an example of a(n) "________ power."
The power to collect taxes would be an example of a(n) "________ power."
a. enumerated
b. reserved
c. concurrent
d. dispositive
e. partitioned
Answer:...
Powers that are exclusively given the states are referred to as "_______ powers."
Powers that are exclusively given the states are referred to as "_______ powers."
a. enumerated
b. reserved
c. concurrent
d. dispositive
e. partitioned
Answer:...
The power to print money would be an example of a(n) "_______ power."
The power to print money would be an example of a(n) "_______ power."
a. enumerated
b. reserved
c. concurrent
d. dispositive
e. partitioned
Answer:...
Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
B) spiral and determinate...
The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the
The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the
A) archenteron.
B)...
The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during
The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during
A) fertilization.
B) gastrulation.
C) the eight-cell stage of the embryo.
D)...
You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?
You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?
A)...
What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates
What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates
A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have...
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
A) fertilization
B) cleavage
C)...
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
A) fertilization
B)...
A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?
A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely...
Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the
Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow...
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also
A) triploblastic.
B) a deuterostome.
C) eucoelomate.
D) highly cephalized.
Answer:...
Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that
Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that
A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates...
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?1. tetrapods2. vertebrates3. deuterostomes4....
Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.
Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments.2....
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of
A) mass extinction.
B) evolutionary stasis.
C) adaptive radiation.
D)...
Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?
Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?
A) binary fission
B) mitosis
C) random...
Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?
Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?
A)...
Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?
Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?
A) true tissues
B) hard...
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a
A) unicellular chytrid.
B) unicellular yeast.
C) multicellular algae.
D) multicellular...
In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that
In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis....
The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos
The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?1. identity and position of paired appendages in...
What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?
What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?
A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system
B) number of embryonic...
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
A) cells that have mitochondria
B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
C) nervous conduction...
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter, more radical, kind of metamorphosis?
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different...
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition...
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to
A) the ability to form haustoria and...
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?
A) animals
B) vascular plants
C) mosses
D) brown...
The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often
The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often
A) a moss.
B) a green alga.
C) a brown alga.
D) an ascomycete.
E) a small vascular plant.
Answer:...
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
A) ascospores
B) basidiospores
C) zygosporangia
D)...
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?
A) the absence of chitin within the...
All fungi share which of the following characteristics?
All fungi share which of the following characteristics?
A) symbiotic
B) heterotrophic
C) flagellated
D) pathogenic
E) act as decomposers
Answer:...
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains.
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by...
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection.
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of...
Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi. Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes). They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites. They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans.
Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II,...
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed...
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If suBiology, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which...
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A) ergotism
B) athlete's foot
C)...
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
A) leaf mesophyll.
B) stem apical meristems.
C) root...
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the...
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
A) reduce competition for nutrients.
B)...
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others...
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner?
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about...
Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
A) pathogens
B)...
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with...
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner...
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal...
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
A) carbohydrates
B) fixed nitrogen
C)...
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
A) mosses.
B) cyanobacteria.
C) green algae.
D) Three of these responses are correct.
E)...
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
A) antibodies.
B) aflatoxins.
C) hallucinogens.
D) antigens.
E)...
In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?
In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?
A) asci
B) zygosporangia
C) rhizoids
D) gametangia
E) conidiophores
Answer:...
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which...
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